The Use and Effects of Adderall on People free essay sample

The use and effects of Adderall on People Brand name Adderall was introduced in 1996 in the forms of a multi-dose, instant-release, slow, or a time release capsule that came from the original formula used in a weight management drug Obetrol. It has become available in a generic formulation, mixed amphetamine salts. The active ingredients of Adderall include a combination of dextroamphetamine and racemic D/L amphetamine salts. Adderall is prescribed in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the circumstance in which a child exhibits a short attention span and becomes easily perplexed, overly poignant, excessively vigorous, and highly spontaneous. Also new studies show that another symptom of ADHD that cam be controlled by Adderall is extreme mood swings. It should be used as part of a broader management plan that includes psychological, educational, and social measures, and should only be used under the strict observation of a trained professional. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use and Effects of Adderall on People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An extended-release (XR) form of the drug, called Adderall XR, is available for once-daily treatment of ADHD. Adderall, a â€Å"cocktail† mixture of four different amphetamine salts, was first developed about 25 years ago and marketed under the name Obetrol for weight loss and diet control. In 1996 the FDA approved Adderall for unrestricted use for treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder and Adderall is quickly becoming a physician favorite for the treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder in children and adolescents. If parents must choice a prescription ADHD medication, Adderall and Adderall XR is generally a better choice for many reasons. Adderall last about six hours per dose and remains active in the body longer than a dose of Ritalin, another similar drug. This longer acting dose alleviates the need for school day dosing but will impede with sleep if taking the Adderall medication in the afternoon or evening hours. Adderall’s side effects are also often less harsh than Ritalin’s. Many patients report less â€Å"peaks and valleys† than Ritalin and less of a withdrawal than Ritalin. Ritalin also tends to cause more stomach discomfort and tends to produce more moodiness than Adderall. But, all Attention Deficit Disorder medication, Adderall included, has a potentially harmful side effect. Adderall is an amphetamine that works on children in the same way amphetamines work on adults. Children are subject to the same unfavorable Adderall side effects as adults using amphetamines, with the most common amphetamine and Adderall side effects being loss of appetite, weight loss and insomnia, also has a great risk of addiction for anybody that does not actually have ADD or ADHD. In most cases, the Adderall side effects are placid but some Adderall side effects, though atypical, are life threatening. Parents need to be clear about the benefits of Adderall medication as well as the possible Adderall side effects of using these drugs prior to choosing to place their child on prescription ADHD medication. Adderall medication can be helpful in the short term in controlling Attention Deficit Disorder symptoms but many doctors feel the potential Adderall side effects should be carefully weighed before prescribing drugs like Adderall medication. Adderall is a reformulated version and close cousin of the ADHD medication Dexedrine. Dextroamphetamine is classified as schedule II category V controlled substance, a classification given to medical drugs with the highest abuse potential and dependence profile. Drug Enforcement Agency data on methylphenidate and amphetamine shows that both have high exploitation liabilities. These substances are powerful stimulants and Adderall abuse, along with Ritalin abuse, is extensive. Other Adderall abuse reports students selling their Adderall medication to friends and schoolmates. Because Dextroamphetamine can have a retail value in the high school parking lot, doctors often avoid prescribing Adderall medication to teenagers. Individuals respond differently to Adderall medication levels and dosages. While toxic overdose symptoms are rare with doses of less than 15 mg, toxic Adderall XR symptoms occasionally occur at Adderall medication doses as low as 5 mg. Methylphenidate and amphetamine abuse produce behavioral and psychological effects similar to cocaine. The Adderall side effects of Adderall abuse include belligerence and irritability, hyperactivity, and personality changes. If one decides to abruptly stopping Adderall after prolonged high dosage prescribed use Adderall results in extreme fatigue and mental depression. The most severe, though rare, Adderall side effect of abuse is psychosis. This Adderall abuse side effect is often clinically indistinguishable from schizophrenia. Long-term methylphenidate and amphetamine use has also been linked to abnormalities in brain development, similar to those found with long-term cocaine use. Changes on the sleep EEG are also noted with Adderall abuse. It is normal for parents to query whether taking a powerful stimulant like Adderall medication is in their childs best interests. Amphetamine stimulants like Adderall are worrisome for many reasons, predominately because of the potential for harmful Adderall side effects and high potential for Adderall abuse. Adderall is prescribed in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the condition in which a child exhibits a short attention span and becomes easily distracted, overly emotional, excessively active, and highly impulsive. It should be used as part of a broader treatment plan that includes psychological, educational, and social measures. An extended-release form of the drug, called Adderall XR, is available for once-daily treatment of ADHD. The regular form of Adderall is also prescribed for. Adderall, like all amphetamines, has a high potential for abuse. If used in large doses over long periods of time, it can cause dependence and addiction. In addition, misusing an amphetamine may cause serious heart problems or even sudden death. Be careful to take Adderall only as prescribed by your doctor. Side effects of Adderall may include depression, dry mouth, heart attack, high blood pressure, hives, impotence, overstimulation, rapid or pounding heartbeat, seizures, stomach and intestinal disturbances, stroke, sudden death, weight loss. Side effects of Adderall XR may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, fever, infection, insomnia, loss of appetite, mood swings, nausea, nervousness, vomiting, weakness, weight loss. Adderall can make tics and twitches worse. If Tourettes syndrome is present, make sure the doctor is aware of it. Amphetamines such as Adderall have also been known to exaggerate symptoms in seriously disturbed individuals. If the problem is attention-deficit disorder, the doctor will do a complete history and evaluation before prescribing Adderall, taking particular account of the severity of the symptoms and the age of your child. If the problem is a temporary reaction to a stressful situation, Adderall is probably not called for. At present, there has been no experience with long-term Adderall therapy in children. However, other amphetamine-based medications have been known to stunt growth, so your doctor will need to watch the child carefully. Whether the problem is attention-deficit disorder or narcolepsy, the doctor will keep the dosage as low as possible. In children 3 to 5 years of age the usual starting dose is 2. 5 milligrams daily. Each week, the doctor will raise the daily dosage by 2. milligrams until the condition is under control. In children 6 years of age and older the usual starting dose is 5 milligrams once or twice a day. Each week, there after, the daily dosage may be increased by 5 milligrams. Only in rare cases will a child need more than 40 milligrams per day. In adults the usual total daily dose ranges from 5 to 60 milligrams, taken in 2 or more smaller doses. In children under 12 years of age the usual starting dose is 5 milligrams daily. Each week, the doctor will raise the daily dose by 5 milligrams until the condition is under control. In children 12 years of age and older the usual starting dose is 10 milligrams daily, with weekly increases of 10 milligrams daily until the drug takes effect. In children 6 years of age and older the usual starting dose for children taking Adderall XR for the first time is 10 milligrams once daily in the morning. At weekly intervals, the doctor may increase the daily dosage by 5 or 10 milligrams, up to a maximum of 30 milligrams a day. ADD and ADHD are more commonly found in children because with age the disorder tends to go away.

Healthy vs Healthful

Healthy vs Healthful Healthy vs Healthful Healthy vs Healthful By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the use of the adjectives healthy and healthful: Would you please do a segment explaining how, when, and why healthy and healthful should be used correctly. My tentative belief is that people are healthy or not so; and that foods are healthful or not so. Am I correct? Many speakers like to draw a strict difference between these two adjectives, but it’s not necessary. The argument Some speakers insist that healthy must be applied only to someone or something that enjoys good health: The healthy children ran and played in the sunshine. Every country desires a healthy economy. Healthful, on the other hand, is to be used only to describe something that promotes or contributes to bodily health: The parents petitioned the school authorities to provide more healthful school lunches. The healthful ingredients include broccoli and cabbage. The reality When it comes to standard usage, healthy is used with both meanings by the majority of speakers and writers. In The New York Times, for example, one may read about both â€Å"healthy children† and â€Å"healthy breakfasts.† Both adjectives have been in the language for a very long time. The first OED citation for healthful with the meaning â€Å"wholesome, health-giving† is dated 1398. The first example of healthy with the same meaning is dated 1577. If making a distinction between healthy and healthful gives speakers a sense of satisfaction, then they should do so. However, they needn’t criticize the majority of speakers who use healthy with both meanings. The usage that pains my grammar nerve is this: How to Eat Healthy New Year’s Resolution to Eat Healthy A few speakers may say, â€Å"Eat healthfully,† but the online evidence suggests that healthy is about to morph into an adverb. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Excited ABOUT, not "for" Parataxis and Hypotaxis

Radiation and Cancer or Causes of Cancer Research Paper

Radiation and Cancer or Causes of Cancer - Research Paper Example Acquired or hereditary abnormalities in the regulatory genes cause development of cancer. However, only 5-10% of cancer is hereditary. Cancer may be detected from symptoms or radiology findings. Definitive cancer diagnosis however requires a biopsy specimen for microscopic examination. Today, many types of cancer can be treated through radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. The extent of the disease and type of cancer commonly influence prognosis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2010), cancer accounted for about 13% (7.9) million deaths worldwide in 2007 alone. With changes in lifestyles as the world develops and changes that occur due to old age, cases of cancer are fast increasing which means that the disease will continue to claim more lives with time (WHO, 2010). Causes of Cancer Chemical and Physical agents Environmental factors accounts for about 90-95% causes of cancer according to Jemal, (2011). Chemicals are the main causes of cancer. Pathogenesis of canc er can be traced back to mutations of DNA that cause metastasis and cell growth. Mutagens are substances that cause mutations of DNA. Tobacco smoking accounts for 25-30% of cancer and is also associated with many forms of cancer. It also causes about 89% of cancer of the lungs. Alcohol is a chemical carcinogen which is not a mutagen whereas tobacco is both a carcinogen and a mutagen. In Western Europe, alcohol causes 10% and 3% of cancers in males and females respectively (Jemal, 2011). Sasco, (2004) observes that in every three deaths of cancer, tobacco accounts for one death in economically developed nations, and about one for every five in the entire world. In spite of these facts, smoking rates are fast increasing world wide leading to the â€Å"tobacco epidemic† as some organizations describe it. Physical agents also cause cancer through their physical effects on cell. For example, prolonged exposure to mineral fibers and asbestos are major causes of cancer. Physical car cinogens must get into the body and one has to be exposed for years for cancer to develop. Diet and Lack of Physical Exercises Poor diet and lack of physical exercise is another cause of cancer, accounting for approximately 30% of cancer cases. In the US, excessive body weight is believed to develop many forms of cancer and accounts for 14-20% of cancer deaths (WHO, 2010). WHO also notes that lack of physical activities also increases body weight besides negatively affecting endocrine production and the body’s immune system. Diets that lack whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and those rich in red meat and highly processed foods are also linked to cancer. A diet high in salt causes gastric cancer while aflatoxin B1 causes liver cancer. The high risk of immigrants developing cancer in relation to the risk in their new country shows the relationship between diet and cancer according to WHO (2010). Infections It is estimated that about 18% of worldwide cancers are caused by inf ectious diseases (WHO, 2010). This proportion varies with the part of the world. For example, WHO estimates that 25% of cancer cases in developing nations and 10% in developed nations are caused by infections. Cancer is normally caused by viruses, bacteria and other pathogen or infectious agents. Cancers that are caused by viruses include (oncovirus) cervical carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and T-cell leukemia among